Arousal from hibernation increases blood oxygen saturation in 13-lined ground squirrels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hibernating Ictidomys tridecemlineatus, 13-lined ground squirrels, are considered models of ischaemia-reperfusion tolerance, as both tissues and isolated mitochondria withstand anoxia followed by rapid re-oxygenation in vitro. This tolerance is likely adaptive, protecting against damage during the numerous arousals from torpor throughout the hibernation season. O2 availability is likely low during torpor, but suppressed metabolism lowers O2 demand, potentially mitigating hypoxic stress. During arousal to interbout euthermia (IBE), heart rate, blood pressure and ventilation increase rapidly, suggesting increased O2 availability, but tissue oxygenation has not been measured during arousal or IBE in 13-lined ground squirrels. Using pulse-oximetry collars, we characterized dramatic increases in O2 availability during arousal; carotid artery O2 saturation rose from as low as 35% early in arousal to 87% during IBE. These changes closely followed rising heart rate. Our results demonstrate that hibernating 13-lined ground squirrels survive profound O2 deprivation early in arousal and rapid O2 influx as arousal progresses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".