Novel Switched Mode OAM Beam Generation Using Series-Fed UCA Antenna for AAVs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Designing planar antenna with orbital angular momentum (OAM) radiation beam is quite challenging. Adding mode configurability in the OAM antenna further increases the complexity for practical realization. This article presents a novel modified single-fed uniform circular array (UCA) antenna capable of generating three OAM modes (l = −1, +1, and 0). These modes can be controlled electronically using three p-i-n diodes in real-time. A series-fed network with eight circularly polarized (CP) patches generates −1 and +1 OAM modes depending on two possible ways of excitation (i.e., clockwise or counterclockwise). Two-element linearly polarized (LP) array placed at the center of the UCA antenna generates l = 0 OAM mode. The CP elements are rotated sequentially along a circle maintaining 45◦ between two consecutive elements to obtain the desired phase excitation. The final optimized antenna was fabricated on an FR4 substrate with the p-i-n diode switches. The experimental results show that the proposed UCA antenna successfully generates the desired OAM modes at 6 GHz. The proposed concept offers simple OAM mode reconfigurability and can be scaled to operate at other frequencies, making it advantageous for various vehicular and wireless communication applications. Résumé—La conception d’une antenne planaire avec un faisceau de rayonnement à moment angulaire orbital (MAO) est un véritable défi. L’ajout d’un mode configurable dans l’antenne à MAO augmente encore la complexité de la réalisation pratique. Cet article présente une nouvelle antenne réseau circulaire uniforme (UCA) modifiée à alimentation unique capable de générer trois MAO (l = −1, +1, et 0). Ces modes peuvent être contrôlés électroniquement à l’aide de trois diodes pin en temps réel. Un réseau alimenté en série avec huit patchs à polarisation circulaire (PC) génère des modes MAO −1 et +1 selon deux modes d’excitation possibles (c’est-à-dire dans le sens des aiguilles d’une montre ou dans le sens inverse). Un réseau à deux éléments à polarisation linéaire (PL) placé au centre de l’antenne UCA génère un mode MAO l = 0. Les éléments PC sont tournés séquentiellement le long d’un cercle en maintenant 45◦ entre deux éléments consécutifs pour obtenir l’excitation de phase souhaitée. L’antenne optimisée finale a été fabriquée sur un substrat FR4 avec des commutateurs à diode pin. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que l’antenne UCA proposée génère avec succès les MAO souhaités à 6 GHz. Le concept proposé offre une reconfiguration simple des MAO et peut être adapté pour fonctionner à d’autres fréquences, ce qui le rend avantageux pour diverses applications de communication véhiculaire et sans fil.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".