Range expansion of the lady crab <i>Ovalipes ocellatus</i> Herbst, 1799 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae) due to ocean warming
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Ocean warming caused by global climate change is driving range expansions and shifts in marine species. The lady crab Ovalipes ocellatus (Herbst, 1799) is generally found south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA with a disjunct population in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, but absent in the Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy. Here we present trawl survey data, recent crowd-sourced observations, and temperature data that suggest a range expansion of O. ocellatus north of Cape Cod into the Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy after a marine heat wave in 2012. Crowd-sourced observations of lady crabs increased in the Gulf of Maine at the same time that abundances surged after 2000. In the Gulf of Maine, O. ocellatus was found as far north as Freeport, Maine (43°48′17.136″N, 70°6′30.9594″W) and in the Bay of Fundy as far north as Alma, New Brunswick, Canada (45°36′ 13.6794″N, 64°56′29.184″W). We also extend the southern limit of O. ocellatus to St. Augustine, Florida, USA (29°42′9.432″N, 81°13′56.028″ W). The recent observations of O. ocellatus in the northwestern Atlantic and higher abundances combined with continued warming in this area may signal a permanent expansion of this species. If so, a key goal for ecologists and managers will be to understand the effects of O. ocellatus on food webs and fisheries in the Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".