Rainbow trout rapidly recover from exposure to niclosamide: A piscicide and molluscicide used to control sea lamprey and snail populations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Niclosamide (2′,5-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanalide) is a piscicide used to control invasive sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus ) in the Laurentian Great Lakes. It is also a molluscide used in tropical and sub-tropical freshwaters to control snail populations that are intermediate hosts to the blood flukes that causes schistosomiasis in humans. While the mechanism of niclosamide toxicity is known, its corresponding physiological effects on non-target fishes are not well-established. To better understand how niclosamide could adversely affect non-target fishes, rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) were exposed to an environmentally relevant niclosamide concentration of 0.150 mg L −1 (measured = 0.12–0.18 mg L −1 ) over 9 h, during which tissues were collected for measurement of energy stores and metabolites. Niclosamide exposure reduced brain ATP and glycogen by ∼50 %, and liver glycogen by ∼40 %. Reductions of ATP, phosphocreatine and glycogen were also observed in muscle, with corresponding increases in pyruvate and lactate, plus development of a metabolic acidosis (∼0.2 unit decrease in intracellular pH). These disturbances were consistent with impaired mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis to generate ATP. Notably, physiological homeostasis was restored in the brain, liver, and muscle within 24 h after depuration in fresh, niclosamide-free water. We conclude that non-target fishes are susceptible to niclosamide, but at least in rainbow trout, the effects are readily reversed after exposure ceases. Similar approaches could be used to determine the susceptibility and resilience of other fishes to niclosamide in environments where it is required as a either a lampricide or a molluscicide. • Niclosamide is used to control populations of invasive sea lamprey & disease-causing snails • There are concerns that niclosamide exposure adversely effects non-target fishes • Exposure of rainbow trout to niclosamide for 9 h markedly reduced tissue energy stores including ATP and glycogen in brain • Following depuration in clean water, energy reserves and metabolic disturbances were restored by 24 h • Tissue energy stores could be used to assess the sensitivity & resilience of other non-target fishes to niclosamide
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".