22.1% Carbon-Electrode Perovskite Solar Cells by Spontaneous Passivation and Self-Assembly of Hole-Transport Bilayer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Low-temperature printable carbon-electrode perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) promise commercially scalable and stable low-cost photovoltaic solutions. However, they suffer from low efficiency due to severe performance losses at the perovskite and carbon interface. Here, we propose a spontaneous interface assembly and passivation strategy based on a P3HT/NiO x hole-transport bilayer by introducing quaternary ammonium bromide surfactants into NiO x nanoparticles, and reveal the significant influences from their alkyl chains. Experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that hexyl trimethylammonium bromide (HTAB), with its optimal alkyl chain length, not only ensures the improved monodispersity and film quality of NiO x nanoparticles but also matches and interacts strongly with P3HT side chains, significantly enhancing the molecular orientation of P3HT for superior electronic contact and efficient hole transport between P3HT and HTAB-NiO x . In addition, the Br – ions in HTAB-NiO x spontaneously diffuse into a perovskite film, passivating uncoordinated Pb 2+ or I vacancy defects and inhibiting the formation of metallic Pb 0 . Eventually, the low-temperature printable C-PSCs and modules achieve the highest reported efficiency of 22.1 and 18.0%, respectively; exhibit excellent stability at 80–90% high humidity without encapsulation; and demonstrate long-term operational stability for 500 h under maximum power point tracking conditions, maintaining 94% of the initial efficiency.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".