Effect of ethnic origin and newborn gender on mother–infant bonding
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Fetal gender has been shown to influence pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Adequate mother-infant bonding may have a positive effect on maternal and child's mental health further reducing the risk for maternal depressive symptoms and child's psychopathology. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the association between newborn gender and mother-infant bonding in the Arab Bedouin women in comparison to the Jewish population residing in the same area. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on women who delivered singletons during bonding questionnaire (PBQ). A second analysis of the four sub-scales of the PBQ questionnaire was conducted. The risk for post-partum depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) questionnaire. Self-reported questionnaires were administered to obtain sociodemographic data and additional information was drawn from women's medical records. Multivariable linear regression models were constructed to control for potential confounders. RESULTS: The final analysis included 218 women, of whom 98 (44.9%) were of Bedouin origin and 120 (55.1%) were of Jewish origin. While total PBQ score was significantly lower among Bedouin women delivering male infants compared to female infants, demonstrating better mother-infant bonding (8.8 ± 3.8 vs. 15.1 ± 9.5, p = 0.010), no difference was found in the total PBQ score between Jewish women delivering male or female infants. Multivariable linear regression models controlling for maternal age, primiparity, and EPDS score demonstrated better mother-infant bonding when delivering a male infant compared to female infant among the Bedouin women (Beta 5.86, 95% CI 1.80-9.90, p = 0.006). Among Jewish women, no independent association was found between infant gender and mother-infant bonding. CONCLUSION: Better mother-infant bonding was found among Bedouin women delivering male infants compared to females. Modernization is challenging the Bedouins' patriarchal society; therefore, attempts to strengthen mother-infant bonding of the female gender are to be considered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".