The Crown of a Man: Muslim Skullcaps, Modernity, and Belonging in the Nineteenth-Twentieth-Century Indian Ocean World
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Across the Indian Ocean, Muslim men in different locales wear almost identical skullcaps, referred to variously as kofia, kopiah, topi and fez (amongst other names). This article traces the shifting styles and meanings of these skullcaps during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Zanzibar, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and India. In so doing, it situates the wearing of this item of clothing within broader historical themes, such as Islamic cosmopolitanism, imagined communities, and masculinity. It then links the changing meanings that skullcaps had to broader historical moments, such as the imposition of European colonial rule, anti-colonial resistance, and the emergence of independent nation states. At different times and places, men’s skullcaps can be understood as a symbol of the wider Islamic community (ummah), of resistance to colonial rule, and of national identities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.021 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".