ACE Inhibition to Distinguish Low-Renin Hypertension From Primary Aldosteronism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a distinct cause of low-renin hypertension (LRH), characterized by inappropriate aldosterone production. We investigated the distinction between LRH and PA by leveraging the physiological effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study including 756 patients with LRH who underwent a captopril challenge test (CCT) for evaluation of PA. The distinction between PA and LRH was assessed using 4 CCT criteria: (1) Post-CCT plasma renin activity <1 ng/mL per hour and plasma aldosterone concentration decrease <30%; (2) Post-CCT aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) >30 ng/dL per ng/mL per hour; (3) Post-CCT plasma renin activity <1 ng/mL per hour; and (4) Post-CCT plasma aldosterone concentration >11 ng/dL. Longitudinal outcomes following aldosterone-targeted therapy were assessed using the Primary Aldosteronism Surgery Outcome and Primary Aldosteronism Medical Outcome criteria. RESULTS: There was a continuous spectrum of nonsuppressible aldosterone production post-CCT. When interpreting CCT results based on both renin and aldosterone responses (criteria 1 or 2), 57.8% to 66.3% of patients were classified as having PA. In contrast, when based on aldosterone or renin responses alone (criteria 3 or 4), 82.5% to 95.1% of patients were classified as having PA. Complete or partial treatment response rates following aldosterone-targeted therapy were high, ranging from 86.5% to 91.7%, regardless of CCT interpretation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the blurred distinction between LRH and PA. Although persistently suppressed renin, or elevated aldosterone, following captopril facilitated the maximum capture of PA cases, the implementation of aldosterone-targeted therapy provided similar benefits to all patints, regardless of CCT interpretation. Empirical aldosterone-directed therapy for patients with LRH suspected of having PA may be an appropriate alternative to laborious diagnostics to confirm PA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".