Magnesium, fibrinolysis and clotting interplay among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus; potential mediators of diabetic microangiopathy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Hypomagnesemia and clotting disorders have been reported among people with diabetes especially those with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Magnesium plays a crucial role in hemostasis and hypomagnesemia was found to increase the thrombotic risk. The patho-mechanism linking magnesium, clotting disorders, and diabetic microangiopathy in T1DM remains to be unraveled. Hence this study aimed to assess the magnesium level among children and adolescents with T1DM compared to healthy controls and to correlate it with coagulopathy markers and diabetic microangiopathy. METHODS: Forty-six children and adolescents with T1DM & 46 controls were assessed for serum magnesium, prothrombin time (PT), activated-partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and HbA1c. The Toronto clinical scoring system, fundus, urinary microalbumin, and serum fasting lipids were used to assess diabetic microangiopathy. RESULTS: Children and adolescents with T1DM have significantly lower magnesium, PT, aPTT, and significantly higher PAI-1 than controls (p<0.001), this is more evident in those having microangiopathy than those without (p<0.001). Serum magnesium is positively correlated with PT, aPTT, and HDL and negatively correlated with insulin daily dose, PAI-1, HbA1c, triglycerides, and urinary microalbumin. Multivariate-logistic regression revealed that diabetes duration, HbA1c, PT, aPTT, PAI-1, and urinary microalbumin were independently associated with serum magnesium among children and adolescents with T1DM (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Children and adolescents with T1DM have lower magnesium levels than controls; that is more pronounced among those having microangiopathy. Low serum magnesium is associated with poor glycemic control, coagulopathy, and diabetic microangiopathy among children and adolescents with T1DM. Magnesium supplementation combined with standard insulin therapy in pediatric patients with T1DM is recommended for better glycemic control and prevention of diabetic microangiopathy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".