Liquid Droplets Impacting on a Liquid Pool Covered with a Thin Polymeric Liquid Layer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, we examine the process of filament thinning that occurs when a liquid droplet impacts a thin polymeric interfacial liquid layer floating in a water pool. We used partially cured polydimethylsiloxane solutions and polybutene gel mixed with polybutene liquid solutions in varying volumes for our experiments. The interfacial dynamics showed that the droplet drags the interfacial liquid into the pool, creating an air cavity, followed by its closer. Thereafter, a filament-thinning phase occurs. Initially, the thinning process was rapid due to crater interface retraction caused by the droplet impact. After the crater receded, a slender filament of the interfacial liquid remained, undergoing a slower thinning stage. This stage exhibited linear kinematics for Newtonian liquids (such as polydimethylsiloxane solution before the gel point transition) and exponential kinematics for viscoelastic liquids (such as polydimethylsiloxane solution during the gel point transition and polybutene solution). These findings improve our understanding of the interfacial dynamics in the liquid-liquid encapsulation process involving polymeric liquids, which are widely used commercially and in everyday life. This knowledge is vital for the process optimization and commercialization of this technique.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".