Metabolomics reveals increased toxicity in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) of the transformation product methyl-triclosan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effects of triclosan (TCS) and its transformation product methyl-triclosan (MTCS) on the earthworm Eisenia fetida were investigated using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics. Earthworms were exposed to 0, 0.25, 1, 4, 16, and 64 µg g −1 of either TCS or MTCS for 14 days in commercial worm bedding. Only MTCS exposure caused any effects on the earthworm metabolites targeted in this study. Succinic acid was elevated relative to the control at concentrations ≥ 0.25 µg g −1 and glucose was elevated at 1 µg g −1 . Earthworms exposed to 1 µg g −1 MTCS had the greatest separation from the control using Principal Components Analysis (PCA), while 0.25 and 1 µg g −1 had the largest separation in Discriminant Analysis (DA). Essential amino acids valine, leucine, serine, and phenylalanine had large, standardized coefficients for PCA and DA reflecting their contribution to separation, suggesting that essential amino acid homeostasis was perturbed by MTCS. Malic acid, succinic acid, margaric acid, and glucose were highly correlated (p < 0.01) with Canonical 1 and PC 2, while maltose was correlated with Canonical 2 and PC 7, indicating a strong relationship between these metabolites and the multivariate separation expressed in the canonical variables. Disruption of succinate metabolism by membrane destabilization in mitochondria was hypothesized as a possible mode of action for MTCS. • Effects of TCS and MTCS on E. fetida metabolome were examined. • There were no discernible effects from TCS, only MTCS. • MTCS affected TCA cycle metabolites and essential AAs. • Disruption of energy metabolism is a potential mode of action for MTCS toxicity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".