Transgender Bodies are the Battleground: Backlash, Threat, and the Future of Queer Rights in the United States
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Legislation that seeks to restrict the ability of transgender people to fully participate in society has proliferated across state legislatures in the last four years. In legislative sessions throughout the United States, legislators have argued in favor of denying transgender people access to public facilities, sports, health care, and even their own guardians. What can these debates tell us not only about the backlash against transgender people but the queer community and women more broadly? Using an analysis of the debate on anti-transgender legislation in two state legislatures, we argue that legislators attempt to gain support for anti-transgender legislation using paternal, protectionist frames and by coopting the language of feminism. We argue that the gender essentialism and heteronormativity at the center of these debates indicates an attempt on behalf of conservative movements and legislators to pursue an idealized, heteropatriarchal society with a strict gender binary.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.019 | 0.024 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".