Fixed or fluid Shifting federal policy controls and indigenous responses at the Canada-USA border
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Twenty-first century restrictions at the Canada-USA seek to reassert control over indigenous movements in line with wider immigrations policies. In many ways the forms of direct and indirect control which are asserted over indigenous peoples at the border are a reflection of 19th century policies of direct and indirect control asserted before border control became formally implemented in the 1920s. Some forms of control stem from stricter enforcement post 9-11, while others reflect cultural ignorance and disregard for ceremonial items being transported with people. More recently, the COVID-19 land border closure disrupted access to ceremonial sites on both sides of the border because spiritual journeys were considered non-essential travel. Concurrently, as with earlier border protest movements, contemporary movements such as Idle No More and the Tar Sands Treaty Alliance are continuing to both weaponise and ignore the border to protect indigenous rights, raising the question - is the border fixed, as Canada and the USA assert, or fluid, as indigenous protestors assert?
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.021 | 0.025 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".