The Impact of Digital Transformation on Economic Integration in ASEAN-6: Evidence from a Generalized Least Squares (GLS) Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study analyzes the impact of digital transformation on the international economic integration of ASEAN-6 countries during the period of 2000–2023 using the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) estimation method. The findings indicate that factors such as fixed broadband subscriptions (FixB), fixed telephone subscriptions (FixT), and the value added from medium- and high-tech manufacturing (MHT) have a positive and statistically significant effect on trade openness (TO). Conversely, mobile cellular subscriptions (MB) and the percentage of individuals using the Internet (IU) exhibit a negative impact on economic integration, reflecting the uneven development of digital infrastructure across countries. Based on these results, the study suggests policy implications, including substantial investment in digital infrastructure, technological advancement in production, and improved accessibility to digital services to foster more effective economic integration. ASEAN-6 countries should adopt tailored development strategies that emphasize innovation and the development of a skilled digital workforce to enhance their competitiveness both regionally and globally.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".