How and When Supervisors' Emotional Displays Serve as Role Models in the Hospitality Industry: A Social Learning Perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aims to examine how and when supervisors' emotional display trickles down to employees' emotional display. With data collected through a two‐wave survey of hospitality employees, this study reveals that supervisors' emotional displays serve as role models for employees' emotional displays. Such a trickle‐down effect is contingent upon two boundary conditions: organizational display rules and employees' competence uncertainty. When explicit organizational regulations are absent and employees are uncertain about their role competence, they tend to emulate their supervisor's emotional display. Additionally, the moderation effects operate differently depending on the supervisor's organizational status. As supervisors' status increases, the moderating effects of organizational display rules and employee competence uncertainty diminish. This study adds insights to the tourism and hospitality literature by examining the modeling effect of supervisors on employees' emotional display from a social learning perspective, emphasizing the significance of supervisors' leadership, and modeling effect within hospitality organizations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".