Make it count with photon-counting computed tomography: a revolution in technology for investigating the airways
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extract Computed tomography (CT) imaging is the mainstay for high-resolution clinical and research evaluation of the lungs for nodule detection, monitoring and measurement of emphysema and airways disease, and diagnosis and monitoring of interstitial lung abnormalities [1]. High-resolution CT also enables virtual bronchoscopy to non-invasively visualise the lumen of the tracheobronchial tree [2], similar to the path taken by a fibreoptic bronchoscope. While CT technology has substantially advanced over the past five decades, to enable rapid acquisition of such high-resolution images, repeated exposure to ionising radiation remains a significant concern, especially in young persons and females of child-bearing age [3, 4]. Moreover, the lower limit of CT spatial resolution has been largely fixed by detector technology and available computing power. For thoracic CTs, these shortcomings have meant significant radiation exposure over a relatively large field-of-view (for patients) to achieve a (modest) spatial resolution of ∼0.5–1.0 mm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.014 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.014 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".