Brain Network Functional Connectivity in Children With a Concussion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pediatric concussion can disrupt functional brain network connectivity, but prospective longitudinal research is needed to clarify recovery and identify moderators of change. This study investigated network functional connectivity (FC) up to 6 months after pediatric concussion. METHODS: This prospective longitudinal concurrent cohort observational study consecutively recruited children (aged 8 to 17 years) at 5 Canadian pediatric hospital emergency departments within 48 hours of sustaining a concussion or mild orthopaedic injury (OI). Children completed 3T MRI scanning postacutely (2 to 33 days) and at either 3 or 6 months after injury (randomly assigned at the postacute visit). Reliable change between retrospective preinjury (based on parent report) and 1-month postinjury symptom ratings based on parent and child report was used to classify concussion with or without persisting symptoms. Within-network and between-network FC was computed for 8 brain networks from resting-state fMRI scans and analyzed using linear mixed-effects models, with multiple comparison correction. RESULTS: (95% CI) = -0.46 (-0.79 to -0.14), across time. Connectivity between the visual and default mode networks was lower at 6 months after concussion, -0.60 (-0.92 to -0.27). At 3 months after concussion, connectivity between the frontoparietal and ventral attention networks was lower in younger children, -0.98 (-1.58 to -0.37), but higher in older children, 0.81 (0.20 to 1.42). For symptom groups based on parent report, connectivity between the dorsal and ventral attention networks was higher in female children at 3 months after concussion without persisting symptoms relative to concussion with persisting symptoms, 1.25 (2.05 to 0.46), and OI, 0.87 (0.25 to 1.49). DISCUSSION: Time after injury, age at injury, biological sex, and persistent symptom status are important moderators of FC after pediatric concussion for children seen in emergency department settings. Postacute FC may not enhance clinical diagnosis. Although within-network connectivity is preserved, between-network connectivity differences emerge after most children clinically recover and persist up to 6 months after pediatric concussion, providing a potential objective biomarker for lasting changes in brain function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".