Inhaled methoxyflurane in patients with cancer: current applications and future directions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Diagnosis and management of patients with suspected or confirmed cancers often require procedures which can cause significant anxiety, discomfort and pain. While intravenous sedation and strong opioids are effective, they could be risky in frail cancer patients with multiple comorbidities. Inhaled methoxyflurane (IMF) (Penthrox®) has been utilised as an analgesic for moderate to severe trauma pain for decades in emergency departments. This review article evaluates the latest evidence for the use of IMF in cancer-related procedures. RECENT FINDINGS: IMF has been recently shown to be effective in reducing pain and discomfort in patients receiving transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy and removal of gynaecological brachytherapy applicators. Side effects of IMF are mild and transient. No recent report of severe toxicities such as cardiopulmonary suppression was observed. SUMMARY: IMF is a safe drug device combination that can reduce discomfort and improve treatment compliance with repeat procedures in cancer patients. Real-world studies should be performed to further evaluate its safety and quality of life in diverse cancer patient populations and guide patient selection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".