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Record W4409136557 · doi:10.5304/jafscd.2025.142.010

Reconsidering the wholesale food market: The Ontario Food Terminal and the role of public infrastructure in a corporate consolidated food system

2025· article· en· W4409136557 on OpenAlexaffabout
Sarah Elton, Matilda Dipieri, Donald C. Cole

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Agriculture Food Systems and Community Development · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldAgricultural and Biological Sciences
TopicOrganic Food and Agriculture
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Toronto
Fundersnot available
KeywordsBusinessWholesale marketFood marketFood systemsTerminal (telecommunication)CommerceFood industryAgricultural economicsFood securityEconomicsFood scienceGeographyTelecommunicationsEngineeringAgricultureElectricityChemistry

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The wholesale food terminal, public infrastructure that connects farmers with wholesale intermediar­ies, largely has been superseded in North America by major supermarkets and their private supply chains. Yet the Ontario Food Terminal, Canada’s largest wholesale food terminal and the third larg­est on the continent, continues to play a key role in Toronto. Drawing on field and archival data in our case study of this public institution, we argue that the wholesale food market supports a diverse retail foodscape that widens food access in Toronto. Further, it provides a reliable marketplace for Ontario produce farmers, thus supporting both agriculture of the middle in the region as well as retail of the middle. We demonstrate how the wholesale food market can contribute to territorial food systems and should be considered as an insti­tutional component of circular food economies.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.324
Threshold uncertainty score0.947

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.032
GPT teacher head0.178
Teacher spread0.146 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations2
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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