The acquisition of object clitic pronouns in Heritage Romanian
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines the acquisition of object clitic pronouns in Heritage Romanian (HR) by school-age children in Toronto who are second-generation speakers of Romanian—i.e., children of first-generation immigrant parents. These children have been exposed to Romanian as their first language (L1) since birth within the home, while English has served as the societal language, primarily encountered outside the home. Additionally, they were enrolled in French immersion programs between the ages of 3 and 6. This study looks at both production and comprehension of preverbal object clitic pronouns. The findings demonstrate that HR exhibits similar patterns in the domain of object clitics as those observed in Romanian-dominant trilingual children, particularly regarding clitic omissions at specific developmental stages. Moreover, HR shares characteristics commonly identified in bilingual (heritage) language acquisition, such as gender errors. Overall, this study provides further evidence that both language use and literacy play a crucial role in shaping heritage language proficiency.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".