Resettlement of the first wave of Syrian refugees in Canada: Language training, employment‐related services and employment income
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper uses a unique, linked administrative data file to examine the impact of language training and employment‐related services on the employment income of the first wave of Syrian refugees admitted to Canada between 2015 and 2016. The analysis reveals a significant positive relationship between refugees' access to employment‐related services and higher employment income. However, this positive effect is not observed for participants in language training programs. The economic benefits of employment‐related services are more pronounced for Privately Sponsored Refugees and Blended Visa Office‐Referred Refugees than for Government Assisted Refugees. This disparity may be attributed to refugees' greater reliance on bridging social capital rather than on support from government agencies. Additionally, employment‐related services are more effective in larger urban centres than in mid‐sized or smaller communities. These findings highlight the importance of enhancing settlement service delivery in smaller and mid‐sized communities to improve refugee labour market outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".