Implantable nanophotonic neural probes for integrated patterned photostimulation and electrophysiological recording
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Optogenetics enables precise neural circuit manipulation with light. However, optical attenuation poses a challenge to deliver spatially shaped light that controls the stimulation volume into deep brain regions. Here, we overcome this challenge with foundry-fabricated implantable silicon neural probes with microelectrodes and nanophotonic circuits. The probes emit engineered beam profiles with sufficiently high powers to excite neural activity ranging from cellular spikes to network-wide responses. Our in vivo experiments evaluated probes emitting low-divergence beams or planar sheets, both of which could selectively stimulate neurons at different depths. Comparisons of their evoked spiking responses showed that the light sheet probes induced greater firing rate fatigue at lower optical intensities than the low-divergence probes. Light sheets can also induce seizures in the hippocampus of an epilepsy mouse model while keeping the temperature rise ≲ 1 °C. Integrating additional devices, such as wavelength multiplexers and photodetectors, will lead to versatile implants for multimodal brain activity mapping.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".