Cycling infrastructure and transportational and recreational physical activity in Canadians
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Built environments that support cycling, especially those that are comfortable and safe (e.g., protected cycle tracks), are positively associated with physical activity (PA). The objective was to determine the associations between cycling infrastructure and transportational (PA TRA ) and recreational (PA REC ) PA among urban-dwelling Canadians. Self-reported PA TRA /PA REC data (N = 120,648, aged 12+ years) from the 2017, 2018, 2020 and 2021 cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey were linked to cycling infrastructure. Neighbourhood-level infrastructure included: total kilometres (km unweighted ), kilometres weighted by comfort/safety (km weighted ), and category of infrastructure level. Multivariable logistic and linear regression examined the association between cycling infrastructure and engagement and duration of PA TRA /PA REC . Approximately half (48.8 %) of urban-dwelling Canadians reported engaging in PA TRA , while 58.2 % reported engaging in PA REC . Greater exposure to infrastructure was both associated with engagement in PA TRA (km unweighted : aOR = 1.04, km weighted : aOR = 1.07, p < .0001) and PA REC (km: aOR = 1.02, km weighted : aOR = 1.03, p < .0001), as well as duration of PA TRA (km: β = 0.03, km weighted : β = 0.06, p < .0001) and PA REC (km: β = 0.01, km weighted : β = 0.02, p < .0001). Compared to the lowest level of infrastructure (category 1), the highest level (category 5) was associated with greater engagement and duration of PA TRA (aOR = 1.88, 95 % CI: 1.69–2.09; β = 0.50, 95 % CI: 0.42–0.58) and PA REC (aOR = 1.26, 95 % CI: 1.13–1.39, β = 0.19, 95 % CI: 0.11–0.27). Cycling infrastructure, especially of higher comfort and safety, is associated with engagement and duration of PA TRA and PA REC among urban-dwelling Canadians. Future longitudinal work is needed to explore associations with cycling-only outcomes, as well as identifying the actual cycling infrastructure used. • Cycling infrastructure was associated with greater recreation and transport physical activity. • Associations were stronger when cycling infrastructure was weighted by comfort and safety level. • Comfort and safety of infrastructure should be considered when studying cycling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".