A 100 Mpc<sup>2</sup> Structure Traced by Hyperluminous Galaxies around a Massive <i>z</i> = 2.85 Protocluster
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We present wide-field mapping at 850 μm and 450 μm of the z = 2.85 protocluster in the HS 1549+19 field using the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array 2. Spectroscopic follow-up of 18 bright sources selected at 850 μm, using the Northern Extended Millimeter Array and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, confirms that the majority lie near z ≃ 2.85 and are likely members of the structure. Interpreting the spectroscopic redshifts as distance measurements, we find that the submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) span 123 pMpc2 in the plane of the sky and demarcate a 3600 pMpc3 “pancake”-shaped structure in three dimensions. We find that the high star formation rates of these SMGs result in a total star formation rate of 20,000 M ⊙ yr−1 from just the brightest galaxies in the protocluster. These rapidly star-forming SMGs can be interpreted as massive galaxies growing rapidly at large clustercentric distances before collapsing into a virialized structure. We find that the SMGs trace the Lyα surface density profile. Comparison with simulations suggests that HS 1549+19 could be building a structure comparable to the most massive clusters in the present-day Universe.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".