Long-Term Psychiatric Outcomes of Autoimmune Encephalitis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The authors aimed to characterize the long-term psychiatric outcomes and their predictors among survivors of autoimmune encephalitis (AE). METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, patients diagnosed as having AE between 2008 and 2023 at two academic medical centers (in New York City and Toronto) completed the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 7.0.2 (MINI) and Profile of Mood States (POMS-2) to assess long-term psychiatric outcomes. Clinical characteristics were assessed for potential predictors of psychiatric outcomes. Bivariate analyses and univariate logistic regressions were conducted to assess the relationship between the predictors and the primary outcome. RESULTS: -methyl-d-aspartate (33%), anti-leucine-rich-glioma-inactivated 1 (24%), anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (14%), and antibody-negative encephalitis (29%). In total, 71% of participants who completed the MINI met criteria for a DSM-5 diagnosis, and 56% were diagnosed as having a mood disorder. Thirteen participants (31%) reported above-average total mood disturbance on the POMS-2. Mann-Whitney U tests revealed that participants diagnosed as having a mood disorder self-reported significantly higher levels of confusion and bewilderment (z=-2.04, p=0.04) and depression and dejection (z=-2.24, p=0.03) and lower levels of vigor and activity (z=-2.62, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: AE survivors have a high prevalence of psychiatric comorbid conditions, with most being diagnosed as having a mood disorder and a significant proportion endorsing ongoing mood disturbance. Patients with a psychiatric history may benefit from closer psychiatric follow-up.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".