Should all patients with COPD be treated with inhaled triple therapy?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<title>Extract</title> COPD is an under-recognised global epidemic, affecting 480 million people worldwide, which is approximately 10% of the adult population [1]. COPD is at present the third leading cause of mortality [2]. Over the next 30 years, the number of patients with COPD is expected to increase by 23%, such that by 2050 there will be nearly 600 million patients living with COPD [1]. The economic burden of COPD is staggering. In the United States alone, the annual healthcare expenditures related to the care of COPD patients approaches USD 40 billion per year [3]. Because of the soaring rates of COPD across the world, the best estimates suggest that COPD will cost the world's economy USD 7.8 trillion in direct and indirect expenditures over the next 30 years [4].
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".