Cardiac energy metabolism in diabetes: emerging therapeutic targets and clinical implications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Patients with diabetes are at an increased risk for developing diabetic cardiomyopathy and other cardiovascular complications. Alterations in cardiac energy metabolism in patients with diabetes, including an increase in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and a decrease in glucose oxidation, are important contributing factors to this increase in cardiovascular disease. A switch from glucose oxidation to fatty acid oxidation not only decreases cardiac efficiency due to increased oxygen consumption but it can also increase reactive oxygen species production, increase lipotoxicity, and redirect glucose into other metabolic pathways that, combined, can lead to heart dysfunction. Currently, there is a lack of therapeutics available to treat diabetes-induced heart failure that specifically target cardiac energy metabolism. However, it is becoming apparent that part of the benefit of existing agents such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors may be related to their effects on cardiac energy metabolism. In addition, direct approaches aimed at inhibiting cardiac fatty acid oxidation or increasing glucose oxidation hold future promise as potential therapeutic approaches to treat diabetes-induced cardiovascular disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".