Intersection Complexity Quantification Considering Driver Behavior Characteristics and Subjective Cognition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Intersections with high complexity often present an increased risk of accidents, thereby reducing traffic safety. Current models for measuring intersection complexity primarily focus on objective factors that influence intersection operation. However, they fail to consider the impact of intersection complexity on driver behavior or the feedback mechanism drivers exhibit in response to complex traffic environments at intersections. This study aims to investigate the intrinsic connection between driver behavior and intersection complexity. A real‐vehicle experiment was conducted using three two‐phase signal‐controlled level intersections, each varying in objective complexity. Data on seven indices related to driver behavior characteristics and subjective cognition were collected from 28 participants during the experiment. Two methods were employed to analyze the data: (1) a descriptive analysis of driving behavior characteristics under varying levels of intersection complexity and (2) an entropy‐object topologically comprehensive evaluation method for measuring two‐phase intersection complexity based on driver behavior characteristics and subjective cognition. The results indicated that (1) drivers’ subjective perceptions of the complexity of two‐phase signal‐controlled intersections significantly differed from the calculated objective complexity, (2) differences in the effects of varying signal transition methods on driver behavior at complex intersections were not statistically significant, and (3) a two‐phase intersection complexity measurement model based on driver behavior characteristics and subjective perceptions was developed and validated. These findings contribute to understanding the intrinsic relationship between driver behavior and intersection complexity in urban settings. Future research could integrate intelligent algorithms to enhance the safety of autonomous vehicles navigating intersections.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".