Surface Electric Field Shielding for Passivation‐Free Zinc Anode Dissolution in Alkaline Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Zinc anodes in alkaline electrolytes undergo spontaneous passivation, severely reducing their capacity utilization and battery performance. Strategies such as fabricating zinc powder or sponge structures improve zinc utilization by increasing reaction surface areas but often exacerbate hydrogen evolution. Here an alternative approach is reported: shielding the zinc reaction surface with miniature Faraday cages to reduce undesirable current crowding and mitigate passivation. This is demonstrates with an interwoven layer structure of bismuth dendrites on zinc plate anodes (Bi@Zn), achieving near‐complete zinc dissolution and over 100 mAh cm −2 discharge capacity, even in low alkaline or lean electrolytes where bare zinc fails rapidly. Multi‐scale characterizations and simulations reveal that bismuth (Bi) Faraday cages delay passivation by dissipating localized electric fields, thereby suppressing Zn(OH)₄ 2 ⁻ accumulation and resultant ZnO precipitation near the reaction surface. As a result, a primary zinc‐air battery using Bi@Zn achieves full discharge, whereas bare zinc fails at one‐tenth of the discharge depth. Moreover, the Bi shielding layer enhances zinc anode reversibility, shown by a fivefold improvement in cycling stability of a nickel‐zinc rechargeable battery with 10 mAh cm⁻ 2 at 20 mA cm⁻ 2 . Importantly, the similar high zinc utilization achieved with copper shielding layers underscores the effectiveness of surface electric field shielding strategy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".