Serine supplementation suppresses hypoxia-induced pathological retinal angiogenesis
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rationale: Pathological retinal angiogenesis with irregular and fragile vessels (also termed neovascularization, a response to hypoxia and dysmetabolism) is a leading cause of vision loss in all age groups.This process is driven in part through the energy deficiency in retinal neurons.Sustaining neural retinal metabolism with adequate nutrient supply may help prevent vision-threatening neovascularization.Low circulating serine levels are associated with neovascularization in macular telangiectasia and altered serine/glycine metabolism has been suggested in retinopathy of prematurity.We here explored the role of serine metabolism in suppressing hypoxia-driven retinal neovascularization using oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model.Methods: We administered wild-type C57BL/6J OIR pups with systemic serine or provided the nursing dam with a serine/glycine-deficient diet during the relative hypoxic phase, followed by analysis of retinal vasculature at postnatal (P) 17, the time of peak neovascularization.Retinas from P17 OIR pups with either systemic serine supplementation or vehicle control were subjected to metabolomics, lipidomics, proteomics, and single-cell RNA sequencing.To validate the role of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in mediating serine protection against OIR, we treated OIR pups with inhibitors to block FAO or OXPHOS along with either serine or vehicle.The potential transcriptional mediator and pro-angiogenic signals were validated by western blotting.Results: Systemic serine supplementation reduced retinal neovascularization, while maternal dietary serine/glycine deficiency exacerbated it.FAO was essential in mediating serine protective effects, and serine supplementation increased levels of phosphatidylcholine, the most abundant phospholipids in the retina.Serine treatment a) increased the abundance of proteins involved in OXPHOS in retinas, b) increased the expression of mitochondrial respiration-related genes, and c) decreased the expression of pro-angiogenic genes in rod photoreceptor cluster.Serine suppression of retinal neovascularization was dependent on mitochondrial energy production.High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) was identified as a potential key mediator of serine suppression of pro-angiogenic signals in hypoxic retinas.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that serine supplementation may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for neovascular eye diseases by enhancing retinal mitochondrial metabolism and lipid utilization, suppressing the key drivers of uncontrolled angiogenesis.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it