High-performance symmetric battery-supercapacitor hybrid using three oxidation states of TEMPO
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Here, we develop a novel ionic liquid-based battery-supercapacitor hybrid that uses all three oxidation states of the organic species 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO). The resulting device features a simple symmetric supercapacitor-like design with two porous graphene-based electrodes and a single redox-active starting material. Charging the hybrid changes the TEMPO redox states in the half-cells and induces a Galvani potential difference, adding a battery-like energy storage mechanism to boost its specific energy . Usage of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIM BF 4 ) allows for the reversible reduction of TEMPO, resulting in over 1000 charge/discharge cycles. The specific discharge capacity of the battery-supercapacitor hybrid is 226 mAh g −1 at 1 A g −1 , which is almost 10 times higher than that of a comparable supercapacitor without added TEMPO. The device can operate at exceedingly high current densities of at least 50 A g -1 while still achieving 88 mAh g −1 due to the rapid kinetics of the TEMPO reactions. Consequently, this design features specific energy and power characteristics significantly higher than those obtained in the ionic liquid supercapacitor and comparable hybrid systems. Our results also demonstrate the feasibility of an all-TEMPO redox flow battery .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".