Mixing Accounts for More Than Half of Biogeochemical Changes Along Mode Water Ventilation Pathways
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Mode waters are critical for ocean ventilation and carbon sequestration. Using observations, we trace their subduction pathways and biogeochemical evolution. Solving modified mixing equations that account for respiration reveals that less than 50% of the oxygen changes along mode water ventilation pathways are due to respiration within the water mass, the rest being due to mixing with oxygen‐poorer surrounding waters. Consequently, measured changes in oxygen or Apparent Oxygen Utilization overestimate respiration by a factor of up to two, as do derived biogeochemical quantities such as remineralized carbon. Measured nitrate changes either overestimate or underestimate remineralization depending on surrounding concentrations. Mean true respiration rates in mode waters range from −0.1 to −0.4 mol . Applying a fixed stoichiometric ratio to this respiration, we find that the total carbon export is highest in Southern Ocean mode waters, while carbon remineralization rates are highest in subtropical mode waters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".