Source and longevity of streambed sediment and phosphorus retention in a lake-plain tributary of the Maumee River
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We described abundance and source of soft, fine-grained, streambed sediment and associated phosphorus (sed-P) during summer low flow in Little Flatrock Creek (LFR), a channelized tributary of the Maumee River and western Lake Erie. Reach-level assessments compared streambed-sediment storage to streambank erosion. Streambed sediment was fingerprinted and analyzed for sed-P and the potential for P de/sorption between the water column and streambed sediment. The ratio of two fallout radionuclides apportioned “new sediment” in streambed storage. Basin-wide streambed-sediment storage exceeded both annual streambank erosion and the annual suspended-sediment load. Streambed sediment was generally a mix of streambank and cropland sources and each equaled or exceeded abundance of new streambed sediment, indicating accumulation of sediment from both sources during the current agricultural cycle. The implication is that this mix of new and old sediment, and legacy P, takes multiple events and seasons to be transported downstream. Streambed sediment had the potential to adsorb dissolved P (DP) from the water column, with sed-P stored in the silt + clay fraction similar to the annual particulate-P (total-dissolved) load transported with suspended sediment, but with lower concentrations than cropland- and streambank-sourced sediment. This indicates supplementation of water-column DP as sediment settles to the bottom and a lag between land and channel management and in-channel P availability. Storage of fine-grained sediment and sed-P in this lake-plain/bed basin is distinct from another Maumee headwater tributary with glacial-moraine controlled geomorphology. The implication is that streambank erosion, in-channel sediment accumulation, and the resultant total-dissolved-sediment P spiral differ based on geomorphic setting and drainage history.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".