Assessing spawning behavior at the northern latitudinal extreme of Pacific halibut
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many species have reduced reproductive potential at the poleward extreme of their range, where they exhibit unique spawning dynamics. However, recent poleward range expansions have resulted in many species being unstudied in these regions, such as the Pacific halibut ( Hippoglossus stenolepis) in the northern Bering Sea (NBS). To characterize Pacific halibut spawning dynamics at the northern extreme of their range, we attached pop-up satellite telemetry tags to large females in the NBS, with time series data and tag reporting locations being used to infer spawning behavior and to identify occupied spawning habitat conditions, location, and timing. Pacific halibut in the NBS occupied spawning habitat later and farther north than previously described, where spawning habitat was occupied from January to May and reached as far north as the Russian continental shelf edge. Additionally, 42% of mature individuals never occupied presumed spawning habitat, suggesting the presence of skip spawning behavior. These findings suggest that Pacific halibut exhibit unique spawning dynamics in the NBS, which may result in a reduced reproductive potential within this northern population component.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".