Sonochemical <i>N</i> -demethylation of dextromethorphan—an energy consumption comparison
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The N-demethylation of alkaloids is a critical step in the synthesis of useful pharmaceutical agents such as Naltrexone, 1, and Naloxone, 2, used in the battle against drug dependency and opioid use disorder. Efforts to make this process more sustainable have been ongoing for a number of years, using a range of iron (0) catalysts, green solvents, and different energy sources to initiate reaction. The use of a sonochemical, iron catalyzed methodology for the N-demethylation of the model alkaloid compound, dextromethorphan, 4, is described herein. The sonochemical demethylation chemistry is comparable to other methods developed in the Singer and Scammells labs. However, when electrical energy consumption is examined, conventional stirring reveals itself as least demanding while liquid assisted grinding and sonochemical approaches were most demanding. Any future scale up of this chemistry using a touted “green and sustainable approach” should therefore consider all green chemistry parameters and metrics collectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".