Thermally-induced long-term behavior of energy piles under inclined load in saturated clay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thermally-induced long-term behaviors, such as the ratcheting phenomenon, have been observed in vertically and horizontally loaded energy piles under thermal cycling. However, whether this phenomenon occurs in inclined loaded piles and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, especially considering the combined effect of horizontal and vertical loads on pile–soil interaction. This study employed laboratory model tests and numerical simulations to investigate the long-term behavior of the energy pile under an inclined load in saturated clay. The experiment involved constant vertical loading of 100 N, 15 thermal cycles with temperature changes of ±3.5 °C, and various horizontal loads (35, 71, and 109 N, corresponding to horizontal displacements of 4%, 7%, and 12% of pile diameter, respectively). Due to the scale effect, all acquired data have been normalized to facilitate better use in the qualitative thermomechanical analysis of energy piles. Measurements and simulations demonstrated that the ratcheting phenomenon is evident in inclined loaded energy piles. Cyclic thermal loading caused irreversible vertical and horizontal displacements of the pile head, with an accumulation rate decreasing as thermal cycles increased. The analysis suggests that the ratcheting phenomenon may be induced by variations in load transfer caused by the energy pile–soil interaction under long-term thermal operations. These findings provide valuable insights into the long-term performance and design considerations for energy piles subjected to inclined loads.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".