Charge pumping triboelectric metamaterials with capacitor-enabled multifunctionalities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most traditional triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) feature alternating current (AC) output and cannot be directly utilized as a power source to charge energy storage systems or drive direct current (DC) electronic devices. Converting AC into DC typically requires stiff and complicated rectifier bridge circuits, which hinders TENG’s integration into rationally designed flexible three-dimensional architectures to construct all-in-one energy harvesting-storing multifunctional metamaterials. Herein, triboelectric metamaterial (TM) with a charge pumping mechanism is developed to harvest energy from linear mechanical motions and generate DC output. The TM incorporates a capacitor composed of negative electrodes and an assistant electrode for charge storing and charge transfer boosting. Under open-circuit conditions, triboelectric charges are sustainably accumulated and stored within all the electrodes. With the extra charge storage of the capacitor formed by the negative electrode and the assistant electrode, the TMs’ charge-storing capability can be enhanced by 203 %. Moreover, the accumulated charges in the assistant electrode during open-circuit energy harvesting amplify the short-circuit charge output by 55.6 % through electrostatic induction. TM’s inner part can serve as a portable power source storing the harvested electricity independently upon completion of the TM’s open-circuit energy harvesting. In addition, the TM can detect the proximity of charge-carrying objects by monitoring fluctuations in open-circuit voltage over time. The seamless integration of charge pumping, energy storing, and sensing functionalities offered by the TMs imparts paradigm shifts in energy harvesters to be applied as portable green power sources and self-sensing intelligent suspension systems. • Developing a triboelectric metamaterial (TM) with a charge pumping mechanism for efficient energy harvesting and storage. • Increasing the TM’s charge-storing capacity by 203 % with the capacitor formed by the negative and assistant electrodes. • Enhancing the TM’s short-circuit charge output by 55.6 % by the accumulated charges in the assistant electrode. • Utilizing TM’s inner part as an independent and portable power source to store harvested electricity. • Self-powered sensing of the approaching and departing of charge-carrying objects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".