Rumen by-pass soybean meal reduced ruminal ammonia but did not improve growth performance and nitrogen utilization in growing Hanwoo heifers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The effects of heat-treated soybean meal (SBM) and citric acid (HCSBM) on the growth performance, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen (N) utilization were evaluated in growing Hanwoo heifers. METHODS: Eight growing Hanwoo heifers (initial body weight: 228.5±11.3 kg; age: 9.3±0.3 months) were allocated to a crossover design with two dietary treatments: a control diet containing untreated SBM (Control) and a diet containing HCSBM. There were two 28-day phases in the trial, each containing 14-day measurements and an adaptation period. Growth performance, rumen fermentation parameters, blood metabolites, hematological parameters, apparent digestibility, energy, and N utilization were measured. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the growth performance or energy utilization between the diets. The digestibility of dry matter and crude protein (CP) did not differ between the two diets. HCSBM supplementation increased neutral detergent fiber digestibility (p = 0.0874) and acetate molar proportions (p = 0.0748). The HCSBM diet resulted in lower ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentrations and iso-valerate proportions (p<0.05), indicating reduced ruminal protein degradation. Blood metabolites related to protein metabolism showed no significant differences between treatments. The control group exhibited higher red blood cell counts and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels (p<0.05). N excretion or retention did not significantly differ between the dietary groups. CONCLUSION: Despite enhanced protection against ruminal protein degradation, HCSBM supplementation did not improve N utilization efficiency or growth performance in growing Hanwoo heifers, possibly because of a sufficient N supply from the high CP content in both diets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".