Chironomid assemblage response to cultural eutrophication and dreissenid mussel establishment in the Bay of Quinte, Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Bay of Quinte is a large (254 km 2 ) embayment on Lake Ontario, which has experienced many environmental and ecological modifications since the arrival of European settlers. Extensive clearing of land and development of urban areas led to considerable eutrophication from anthropogenic nutrient loading in the late 1800s. The subsequent reduction of nutrient loading post-1977 was followed by the 1994 colonization of invasive dreissenid mussels, whose establishment was associated with benthification and an abrupt shift from a turbid eutrophic system to a clearer mesotrophic system. To investigate the response of the benthos to these stresses, a sediment core was collected in 2023, and sediment subsamples from 18 stratigraphic intervals were sifted to identify and enumerate subfossil chironomid (order: Diptera) assemblages. The cultural eutrophication of the bay was reflected in the sediment core by a shift from hypoxia-intolerant Tanytarsus lugens and T. mendax dominance to the more tolerant Chironomus sp. After 1977, Chironomus sp. decreased and Tanytarsus spp. and other hypoxia-intolerant taxa increased, consistent with nutrient abatement actions. Following dreissenid establishment (∼1994), there was a significant increase in chironomid head capsule abundance. ANOSIM suggests that the nutrient abatement actions may be a stronger driver of chironomid taxonomic and functional composition than the dreissenid invasion, though this may reflect the resolution and location of the sediment core. Overall, our results suggest chironomids experienced recovery from eutrophication and that benthic resource availability may have increased post-dreissenid invasion, which could benefit benthivorous fish.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".