Boosting hybrid capacitive-intercalative Al-ion storage with N-F doped nanocarbon electrodes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aluminum-ion (Al-ion) storage with carbon cathode provides a lightweight and cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to the hybrid charge storage mechanism, combining intercalation of aluminum ions (Al 3+ ) and polyatomic ions (Al 2 Cl 7 − ) with the inherent capacitive behavior of carbon. This study explores the influence of gas doping on the structural and electrochemical properties of nanoporous carbon (NPC). Pristine doping with nitrogen (N) and argon (Ar) results in NPC with limited surface porosity, while N-F doping significantly improves structural characteristics, yielding NPC with a high surface area of 3048 m 2 g −1 and uniformly distributed pores (25–130 nm). This enhanced porosity provides abundant active sites for hybrid charge storage, facilitating both ion intercalation and pseudocapacitive mechanisms. The Al-ion device (Al|AlCl 3 -EMImCl|N-F doped NPC) achieves a specific capacity of 197 mAh g −1 at 0.5 A g −1 , with 97 % coulombic efficiency over 25 cycles. This performance arises from efficient ion adsorption and partial redox reactions involving Al 3+ and Al 2 Cl 7 − ions. Pseudocapacitive behavior is particularly evident at low frequencies, where the phase angle (φ) approaches 90° and cyclic stability challenges persist due to Al 3+ ion trapping at the NPC-electrolyte interface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".