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Record W4409450947 · doi:10.1007/s12016-025-09053-2

Inhalant Mediated Allergy: Immunobiology, Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

2025· review· en· W4409450947 on OpenAlex
Ki Lam, Elaine Y. L. Au, Wai‐Ki Ip, Jenna K Tam, Patrick S.C. Leung

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueClinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · 2025
Typereview
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicAllergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
Canadian institutionsInstitute of Genetics
Fundersnot available
KeywordsMedicineImmunologyAllergyAeroallergenSensitizationAsthmaImmunoglobulin EAllergen

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Inhalant allergen-mediated respiratory diseases, including asthma and allergic rhinitis, have become increasing global health issues. While air pollution is believed to favor allergic sensitization and intensify clinical symptoms of allergy, allergen sensitization can vary highly with geographical location, climate, and lifestyle differences. Pollen sensitization is higher in European countries, while dust mite is more common in regions with high humidity. Domestic pet sensitization is on the rising trend in industrialized nations, but the paradoxical effect of intensive cat exposure in early childhood is also observed. Clinical management of inhalant allergic diseases has greatly benefited from the immunological and mechanistic understanding of pathophysiology. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on inhalant mediated allergic disorders with emphasis on (1) the major immune cells and relevant chemokines and cytokines in the sensitization and effector phase with aeroallergen exposure, (2) their manifestation in asthma and allergic rhinitis, (3) characterization of inhalant allergens, (4) chemical contributions to the development of allergic diseases, and (5) clinical diagnosis of aeroallergen sensitization and management of inhalant allergy. Knowledge on the role of Th2 skewing, IgE, basophil, mast cells, and eosinophils in respiratory allergic diseases are fundamental in the diagnosis and management of these disorders. Skin test, basophil activation test, and specific IgE component-resolved diagnostics are used for diagnosis and facilitate further management. Advances in the development of biologics and allergen-specific immunotherapy will strategize the future approaches in the clinical care of respiratory allergic diseases.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.004
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.017
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMetaresearch, Meta-epidemiology (narrow), Research integrity
Consensus categoriesResearch integrity
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Other design · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.984
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0040.017
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0090.002
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0030.003
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.118
GPT teacher head0.448
Teacher spread0.330 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it