Glaciogenic and volcanic rocks, evaporites and coal in the Maritimes Basin of eastern Canada and variable low-latitude climate during the Late Paleozoic Ice Age
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The depositional record in the Maritimes Basin falls entirely within the Late Devonian to Permian span of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA). Basin paleolatitudes range from 25–27°S in the middle Tournaisian to equatorial by the end of the Carboniferous. Evidence for glaciation reaching below 10° in latitude is recorded in uppermost Carboniferous to lowermost Permian rocks of the western USA. Sedimentologic evidence for cold-climate sedimentation within the Maritimes Basin is documented in Nova Scotia for the first time by glacially faceted and striated clasts in upper Tournaisian diamictites, which are coeval with glacial diamictites recently described in western Newfoundland. Marine fossils in immediately underlying upper Tournaisian rocks and coeval thick evaporites drilled in the Gulf of St. Lawrence suggest deposition under warm arid conditions. Other Maritimes Basin evaporites were typically deposited during isotopically predicted warm (and arid) climate excursions except for the middle Tournaisian Gautreau Formation, in which glauberite salts indicate seasonal freezing. Late Carboniferous coals were deposited globally during the coldest times of the LPIA and Maritimes Basin coals may record the same paleoclimatic setting. Mississippian volcanism in the Maritimes Basin shows linkages with warm paleotemperature excursions in the isotope record and the associated retreat of ice sheets, as well as sea-level rise within the LPIA. Mississippian rocks in the Maritimes Basin record warm climatic conditions that are consistent with the basin’s low-latitude position, but they also record cold-climate settings that have been overlooked due to a long-standing low-latitude “paleotropical” climate bias.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".