Evaluation of urinary kidney injury molecule-1 in cats with chronic kidney disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives Kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein on proximal renal tubular epithelial cells that is increased in the urine of cats with acute kidney injury. The utility of measuring urine KIM-1 in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the relationship with International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage are unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution of KIM-1 concentrations in cats with different stages of CKD and investigate the relationship between urine KIM-1 and urine specific gravity (USG), urine protein and serum urea, creatinine, phosphorus, potassium and symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations. Methods A total of 74 cats with CKD were recruited prospectively from a first-opinion feline-only practice. Blood and urine samples were collected from all cats. The stage of CKD was determined as per IRIS guidelines. Urine KIM-1 concentration was determined with a previously validated lateral flow assay. KIM-1 was reported as a test:control ratio. The distribution of KIM-1 values in cats with CKD was determined, and the correlation between KIM-1 and other determinants of renal function was calculated. Urine KIM-1 was normalized to a USG of 1.035 and the analysis was repeated. Results Cats with CKD had a median urine KIM-1 value of 0.1544 (range 0.038–0.540). The median KIM-1 values in cats with IRIS stage 1, 2, 3 and 4 CKD were 0.152 (range 0.113–0.512), 0.165 (range 0.038–0.540), 0.150 (range 0.037–0.448) and 0.140 (range 0.067–0.448), respectively. There were no differences in urine KIM-1 values relative to IRIS stage. Urine KIM-1 values were correlated with USG ( r 2 = 0.482; P = 0.005). An analysis of KIM-1 values normalized to USG resulted in similar findings. Conclusions and relevance Urine KIM-1 values in cats with CKD were similar to those previously described in healthy cats. There was a moderately strong correlation between urine KIM-1 concentration and USG. Sequential measurement of KIM-1 in cats with progressive CKD may be informative.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".