Organics Fouling and Associated Corrosion in Field SAGD Boilers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract For oil sands reservoirs in Canada, Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) has been widely used for in-situ bitumen production. Boiler feed water (BFW) is utilized for steam generation in Once Through Steam Generator (OTSG). As the main source of BFW (~85%), produced water (PW) separated from produced emulsion is treated to lower the content of silicates, oil and grease, and clays, and is softened by anionic cation resin. However, it is hard to remove the colloidal/dissolved organic compounds, which causes fouling and corrosion issues in the boilers and boiler external piping. Unlike the comprehensive understanding of damage related to inorganic fouling, investigation and reporting of damage of SAGD boilers due to organics is limited. This paper discusses how the organic fouling occurs, evidence of organics corrosion and damage mechanisms from case studies and how to mitigate the damage through improving water treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".