Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel in CO2 Liquefaction Plant
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Carbon dioxide is produced during ethanol fermentation. In order to prevent CO2 emission, gas CO2 is compressed, dried, liquefied, and injected into the reservoir for enhanced oil recovery. Under the operating condition of 2200 kPag and −20°C, the entrained ethanol is dropped out of liquefied CO2. The separated ethanol phase at local site resulted in trans-granular stress corrosion cracking of carbon steel piping and heat exchangers. The investigation involves CO2/ethanol phase behavior study, sourcing contaminants, and failure analysis. It is concluded that 1) ethanol stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is the root cause of the failure in presence of water, chloride and oxygen at pH of 3.0. 2) hydrogen stress cracking is the secondary damage mechanism. Trace of H2S originated from sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) in ethanol plant and was carried over to the liquefied CO2. Its concentration was increased in the ethanol phase. Mitigation of SCC is approached by reducing ethanol carry-over, minimizing O2 ingress, and lowering the level of other contaminants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".