Optimizing renewable energy integration: a hybrid energy system approach for residential applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Climate change, soaring inflation and energy shortages are driving interest in Distributed Energy Sources (DES), especially in developing countries like Pakistan, where power outages disrupt daily life. Residential communities are increasingly adopting renewable energy sources (RES) and battery storage systems (BESS) to reduce reliance on utility grid and produce cheap energy compared to grid. The authors propose a hybrid energy system (HES) combining solar PV, a diesel generator, and BESS to reduce levelised cost of energy (LCOE) and emissions while addressing energy outages for a residential building in Lahore, Pakistan. The average daily utilization of selected building is around 463 kWh/day with a peak demand of 33 kW. Different configurations are designed and their techno-economic and environmental analysis is conducted using HOMER Software. In one scenario combining PV-DG-BESS-Grid, the lowest LCOE of $0.0120 was achieved, but it resulted in higher emissions due to DG dependence. A PV-BESS-Grid configuration had a slightly higher LCOE of $0.0124 but significantly lower emissions. Sensitivity analysis also revealed that PV-BESS-Grid system to be most robust among all the designed systems.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".