Stability of Monkeypox Virus on Commonly Contacted Surfaces in Clinical Settings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Monkeypox virus (MPXV), the etiologic agent of mpox, is an enveloped DNA virus that may persist on various surfaces, contributing to fomite-mediated transmission. The ongoing global outbreak of mpox has highlighted an urgent need to understand the environmental stability of MPXV. This study investigates the stability of MPXV on surfaces encountered in clinical settings. The persistence of viable MPXV and viral DNA was evaluated using porous (gauze, cotton, and scrubs), and nonporous (stainless steel, polypropylene plastic, intravenous tubing, N95 masks, and nitrile gloves) materials. Surfaces were inoculated with 105, 106, and 107 TCID50 (50% Tissue Culture Infectious Dose) MPXV and incubated at room temperature (22 °C) and 4 °C for up to 21 days to determine the effect of temperature and inoculum titre on virus viability. We show that MPXV stability is influenced by both surface type and temperature, with nonporous surfaces and lower temperatures supporting longer virus viability. Infectious MPXV was detected for up to 21 days on intravenous tubing and nitrile gloves at 4 °C, whereas porous materials like cotton showed rapid loss of infectivity, especially at room temperature. Notably, we found that viral DNA did not correlate with the presence of infectious virus, suggesting that molecular assays may overestimate fomite-mediated transmission risks. Our findings provide novel insights into MPXV persistence in clinical environments, extending prior knowledge by systematically quantifying virus viability across multiple surface types and temperature conditions. These findings underscore the importance of stringent decontamination protocols in clinical settings and highlight the need for comprehensive methods for risk assessment to evaluate the potential for MPXV transmission from contaminated surfaces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".