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Record W4409537208 · doi:10.1002/ese3.70033

Performance Comparison Between Deep Learning Models for Fault Classification in Transmission Lines Using Time Series Data

2025· article· en· W4409537208 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueEnergy Science & Engineering · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicPower Systems Fault Detection
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Saskatchewan
FundersTeknologian Tutkimuskeskus VTT
KeywordsSeries (stratigraphy)Artificial intelligenceFault (geology)Computer scienceDeep learningTime seriesPattern recognition (psychology)Electric power transmissionMachine learningEngineeringSeismologyGeologyElectrical engineering

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

ABSTRACT Deep learning has become a vital tool for addressing complex challenges in power systems, particularly fault detection and classification in transmission lines. This study presents a comparative analysis of three advanced time‐series models like temporal convolutional networks (TCN), bidirectional long short‐term memory (BiLSTM), and gated recurrent units (GRU) for fault classification. Leveraging a comprehensive data set encompassing diverse fault scenarios like single‐phase to ground fault (AG), double line to ground fault (ABG), three‐phase fault (ABC) from both simulated and real transmission line data, the study provides a rigorous evaluation of these models’ performance under realistic conditions. The results demonstrate that TCN achieves a fault classification accuracy of 99.9%, significantly outperforming BiLSTM (92.31%) and GRU (95.27%), while also excelling in precision, recall, F 1 score, and training efficiency. Additionally, this study incorporates feature extraction techniques like discrete wavelet transform (CWT) to establish new benchmarks for fault classification. The findings underscore TCN's robustness in handling the dynamic nature of transmission line signals and its practical potential for real‐time applications, contributing to the development of more reliable and efficient power system fault classification systems.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: Simulation or modeling
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.740
Threshold uncertainty score0.823

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.002
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.040
GPT teacher head0.274
Teacher spread0.235 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it