Maximal active force in skinned muscle fibres from children with cerebral palsy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this study was to gain insight into the origins of muscle weakness in children with cerebral palsy (CP) by investigating active force in single muscle fibres isolated from the adductor longus (AL) of children with CP. Single skinned muscle fibres (n = 43, from 11 children with CP) were isolated and tested for their maximal active stress, instantaneous stiffness, and the ratio of active stress to stiffness at a sarcomere length (SL) of 2.4 µm, and passive stress at SLs of 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, and 3.4 µm. The muscle biopsies were tested for their total myofibrillar protein content using a BCA assay, and myosin heavy chain, actin, titin and nebulin content using gel electrophoresis. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis of healthy adults (HA; n = 19 fibres from 4 subjects) were used for comparison. The maximal active stress and the instantaneous stiffness, expressed as active elastic modulus, were lower in the CP fibres compared to the HA fibres (79 ± 4 vs. 170 ± 11 kPa, and 5479 ± 381 vs. 8943 ± 402 kPa, respectively). The maximal active stress to stiffness ratio was not different between CP and HA fibres (0.016 ± 0.001 vs. 0.020 ± 0.002). Actin, titin and nebulin content was reduced in the CP compared to the HA samples. Passive stress was also reduced in the CP fibres at SLs of 2.8, 3.0, 3.2 and 3.6 µm. These results suggest that the contractile ability of muscles from children with CP is compromised at the fibre level and this is likely the result of a decrease in sarcomeric proteins such as actin, titin and nebulin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".