A unified multi‐scale method for simulating immersed bubbles
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We introduce a novel unified mixture‐based method for simulating underwater bubbles across a range of bubble scales. Our approach represents bubbles as a set of Lagrangian particles that are coupled with the surrounding Eulerian water volume. When bubble particles are sparsely distributed, each particle, typically smaller than the liquid grid voxel size, corresponds to an individual spherical bubble. As the sub‐grid particles increase in local density our model smoothly aggregates them, ultimately forming connected, fully aerated volumetric regions that are properly resolved by the Eulerian grid. We complement our scheme with a continuous surface tension model, defined via the gradient of the bubbles' local volume fractions, which works seamlessly across this scale transition. Our unified representation allows us to capture a wide range of effects across different scales—from tiny dispersed sub‐grid air pockets to fully Eulerian two‐phase interfacial flows.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it